This entry includes the Table of Contents, References Cited, and list of tables in the Appendix for The distribution of human capital in Sweden: Estimations from micro-level panel data.
Table of contents
| 1. Introduction | 4 |
| 1.1 Measuring human capital | 4 |
| 1.2 Background, purpose and motivation | 4 |
| 1.3 Disposition | 6 |
| 2. Methodology | 7 |
| 2.1 The omitted variable problem | 7 |
| 2.2 Assumptions for consistent estimates | 10 |
| 2.3 Estimation strategy | 12 |
| 2.4 Obtaining the human capital measure | 13 |
| 3. Data | 15 |
| 3.1 Data sources | 15 |
| 3.2 Analysis sample | 16 |
| 3.3 Variables | 16 |
| 3.4 Summary statistics | 17 |
| 3.5 Transition tables | 19 |
| 4. Model specification | 22 |
| 4.1 The experience component of human capital | 22 |
| 4.2 The unobserved component of human capital | 28 |
| 5. Estimations of human capital | 31 |
| 5.1 Probability densities and descriptive statistics | 31 |
| 5.2 Components of human capital | 32 |
| 5.3 Human capital and productivity growth | 35 |
| 6. Conclusion | 38 |
| 6.1 Assessment of the estimation strategy and future research | 38 |
| 7. Acknowledgements | 39 |
| References | 40 |
| Appendix | 44 |
References
Abowd, J. Haltiwanger, J. Jarmin, R. Lane, J. Lengermann, P. McCue, K. McKinney, K. Sandusky, K. 2005. “The Relation among Human Capital, Productivity and Market Value: Building Up From Micro Evidence” in, red: Corrado, C. Haltiwanger, J. Sichel, D. Measuring Capital in the New Economy, National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 65, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, p. 153–203.
Abowd, J. Kramarz, F. Margolis, David. 1999. “High Wage Workers and High Wage Firms” Econometrica, Vol.67:2, p. 251–333.
Abowd, J. Lengermann, P. McKinney, K. 2003. “The Measurement of Human Capital in the U.S. economy” Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamic Technical Paper Nr. TP-2002-09, Washington, DC, U.S. Census Bureau.
Albrecht , J. Björklund, A. Vroman, S. 2003. ”Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?” Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 21, No.1, pp. 145–177.
Arai, M. Skogman Thoursie, P. 2009. “Renouncing Personal Names: An Empirical Examination of Surname Change and Earnings” Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 27, No.1, pp. 127–147.
Arrow, K. 1972. “Some Mathematical Models of Race Discrimination in the Labor Market” In: Pascal, A. (ed.), “Racial Discrimination in Economic Life” Heath, Lexington D.C., pp. 187–203.
Ayres, I. Vars, F. Zakariya, N. 2004. “Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping.” Working paper, Yale Law School.
Becker, G.S. 1957. “The economics of Discrimination” University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Becker, G. 1962. “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis” The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.70:5, part 2, p. 9–49.
Bertrand, M. Chugh, D. Mullainathan, S. 2005. “Implicit Discrimination” Working paper, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.
Björklund, A. Edin, P-A. Holmlund, B. Wadensjö, E. 2006. “Arbetsmarknaden” 3rd ed. SNS Förlag, Stockholm, pp. 161–167.
Borjas, G. 1985. “Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants” Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 463–489.
Brandén, G. Lindmark, M. Sandqvist, U. 2010. ”Tjänstesektorns storlek – sysselsättning, produktivitet, förädlingsvärde, andel av BNP, andel av export med särskilt fokus på KIBS” Tillväxtanalys, Working Paper/PM, 2010:14.
Carlsson, M. Roth, D-A. 2007. “Evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market using experimental data” Labor Economics, Vol. 14, pp. 716–729.
Corrado, C. Hulten, C. Sichel, D. 2005. “Measuring Capital and Technology: An expanded framework”, in C. Corrado, J. Haltiwanger and D. Sichel (eds), “Measuring Capital in the New Economy” National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 65, Chicago, IL: University Chicago Press, pp. 11–45.
Corrado, C., J.X. Hao, C. Hulten and B. van Ark. 2009 “Measuring intangible capital and its contribution to economic growth in Europe” European Investment Bank Papers, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 63–93.
Edin, Fredriksson. 2000. ”LINDA – Longitudinal INdividual DAta for Sweden” Uppsala University.
Edquist, H. 2010. ”Vilken betydelse har immateriella investeringar för den svenska ekonomin?” Tillväxtanalys, Working Paper/PM, 2010:16.
Eriksson, S. Lagerström, J. 2011. “Detecting discrimination in the hiring process: evidence from an Internet-based search channel” Empirical Economics, pp. 1–27.
Friedberg, R M. 1996. “You Can’t Take It With You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital” NBER Working Paper, No. 5837, JEL Nos. J61, J24, Labor Studies.
le Grand, C. Szulkin, R. 2003. “Permanent Disadvantage or Gradual Integration: Explaining the Immigrant – Native Earnings Gap in Sweden” Labor, Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 37–64
Gustavsson, M. 2004. “Changes in Educational Wage Premiums in Sweden: 1992-2001” in “Empirical Essays on Earnings Inequality”, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Economic Studies 80, pp. 93–127.
Lazear, E. P. Rosen, S. 1981. “Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts” Journal of Political Economy, 89(5), pp. 841–864.
Meyersson-Milgrom, E. M. Petersen, T. Snartland, V. 2001. ”Equal Pay for Equal Work? Evidence from Sweden and a Comparison with Norway and the U.S.” The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 103, Issue 4, pp. 559–583.
Mincer, J. 1958. “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution” The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 66:4, pp. 281–302.
Mincer, J. 1974. ”Schooling, Experience, and Earnings” New York: Columbia University Press.
Nählinder, J. 2005. “Innovation and Employment in Services. The case of Knowledge Intensive Business Services in Sweden” Linköping University, Department of Technology and Social Change.
Phelps, E.S. 1972. “The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism” The American Economic Review, Vol. 62, No. 4 (Sep., 1972), pp. 659–661.
Prescott, E. 1997. “Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Rosen, S. 1986. “The theory of equalizing differences”. In Ashenfelter, Orley; Layard, R. The Handbook of Labor Economics. 1. New York: Elsevier. pp. 641–692.
Sörensson, R. 2010. ”Marshallian Sources of Growth and Interdependent Location of Swedish Firms and Households” Umeå Economic Studies No. 815, Department of Economics, Umeå University.
Turner, A. Haldane, A. Woolley, P. Wadhwani, S. Goodhart, C. Smithers, A. Large, A. Kay, J. Wolf, M. Boone, P. Johnson, S. Layard, R. 2010. The Future of Finance: The LSE Report, London School of Economics and Political Science, chapter 2: What is the contribution of the financial sector: Miracle or mirage?
Wooldridge, J.M. 2010. “Econometric Analysis of Cross Section And Panel Data” 2nd ed. The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, chap. 10.
World Bank. 2006. “Where is the Wealth of Nations? Measuring Capital for the 21st Century” World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Åslund, O. Nordström Skans, O. 2007. ”Do anonymous job application procedures level the playing field?” IFAU Working Paper, 2007:31.
Appendix
Table A.1 (Controls in xitβ) [Table not shown]
Table A.2 (Means and Std.Dev. of hit and θi by industry, sector, and county) [Table not shown]
Table A.3 (Percentile calculations by sector) [Table not shown]
Table A.4 (Percentile calculations by county) [Table not shown]
Table A.5 (Results from OLS regression on θi) [Table not shown]
