Pronouns | Annotation hierarchies | Scriptor

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Pronouns
- Pronouns
  
  A pronoun is a word that takes the place of another word. The most familiar type of pronouns are the personal pronouns such as she, it, you, they, and so on. Pronouns can serve a variety of other functions, such as the relative pronouns like that, which, and who, which introduce descriptive relative clauses. The demonstrative pronouns like that and this can also be used to modify a noun (“this idea”, “these results”); when used in this way, these demonstrative pronouns become demonstrative adjectives.
- Demonstrative
  - Demonstrative pronouns
    
    The common demonstrative pronouns are this and that (singular) and these and those (plural). These words are used to take the place of an entire phrase. Demonstrative pronouns should only be used when the meaning is unambiguous.
    
    Constraint programming is a declarative programming method for modeling combinatorial optimization problems in terms of constraints. This is a fairly dense statement, so let us address the concepts one at a time.
    
    Runic artefacts are both textual sources and archaeological artefacts. Because of this it will be important to classify runic artefacts according to both function and inscription.
    
    [Generally, it is a good idea to avoid using too many demonstrative pronouns. An alternative is to use a demonstrative adjective, as this form is often more clear.]
- none / no one
  - Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
  - none / no one
    
    “One” can be used as a pronoun to refer to either the quantity 1 (numerical), or to unspecified people in general (indefinite). In a similar way, none or no one is used to indicate that there are no such things. None is usually used in the numerical sense. No one is usually preferred for the indefinite sense, although none is also possible here.
    
    A few of the artefacts examined in the analysis are of stone, but none are the size of rune stones. (numerical)
    
    A few people were late, but no one / none left early. (indefinite)
- one as indefinite
  - one used as an indefinite pronoun
    
    The 3rd-person indefinite pronoun, used to refer to the writer or to people in general, is one. In speaking and less formal writing, “you” is often used instead of one. The word is gender neutral.
    
    This report includes some jargon that one would not expect to find in standard written English.
    
    [Compare: In the following example, the second time one is used, it is as an indefinite pronoun (here in the possessive, one‘s). The first time it is used, it is a numerical pronoun.
    
    One way of proving one’s masculinity is to test it against other men.]
- one as numerical
  - one used as a numerical pronoun
    
    The word one can be used as a pronoun. In this example, the word one stands for the phrase “A coordination”.
    
    A coordination with a conjunction is called syndetic, and one without a conjunction is called asyndetic.
    
    The phrase one another means “each other”.
    
    The two tests are independent of one another.
    
    The pronoun one, when used this way, can be pluralized. In the example below, ones stands for “trials”.
    
    We did not have time to repeat all the trials, so we re-ran only the ones that seemed the most promising.
    
    Note that when one is used as a pronoun, it cannot be substituted by a numeral 1.
    
    [Compare: In the following example, one is first used as a numerical pronoun. In its second use (one‘s), it is an indefinite pronoun.
    
    One way of proving one’s masculinity is to test it against other men.]
- Relative
  - Relative pronouns
    
    The most common relative pronouns in written English are that, where, which, who/whom/whose, and why. Correct use of these words helps a text to feel more formal.
    
    The bird that is sitting in the tree is black and white.
    
    This formulation is inefficient for the user, who is forced to specify a large number of variables.
    
    People whose car does not meet the standard could decide to use other means of transportation.
    
    [Note that the correct use of relative pronouns in formal academic writing can differ from spoken or informal English, in which the relative pronouns are often dropped. The following example is not grammatically incorrect, but it is less formal.
    
    The bird sitting in the tree is black and white.]
  - that
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
    
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3
    
    Camps – Spaces of Exception
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, Abstract
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 2
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Abstract
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 5
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 3
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 6
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 1
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6
    - Using that
      
      The relative pronouns that and which are easily confused, and there is no definitive correct usage; furthermore, these words are often used differently in speech. However, the two words are generally not used in an exactly identical fashion in writing. That often refers only to the noun just before the word that, and the word is commonly used to introduce restrictive clauses (see below).
      
      These simple rules yield a puzzle that cannot be solved through trial and error.
      
      The phrase “that cannot be solved through trial and error” is called a restrictive or defining clause, and it adds crucial information about the word “puzzle”. A restrictive clause can not be set off by a comma.
  - when
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    - Using when
      
      The relative pronoun when is used to introduce a clause that indicates a time.
      
      Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong. ***
      
      When can also used to mean approximately “if”.
      
      The estimates are quite robust when adding economic control variables. (If the economic control variables are added, then the estimates are robust.)
  - where
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Filtering Algorithms for Discrete Cumulative Resources, Abstract
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 2
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Abstract
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 5
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    - Using where
      
      The relative pronoun where is used when a physical location is being referred to. Where is also often used when identifying variables in equations or in figures.
      
      The lab where the element was discovered burned down in 1902.
      
      The relationship between the displacement field, the electric field and the polarization is D = ε0E + P, where ε0 is the electric constant.
      
      Where can also be used to refer to publications, although the phrase “in which” is more formal than where in these cases.
      
      Arwill-Nordbladh wrote a compendium of gender theory in archaeology, where she argues that archaeology is androcentric in numerous ways.
  - which
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3
    
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Filtering Algorithms for Discrete Cumulative Resources, Abstract
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, Abstract
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 1
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 2
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 3
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
    - Using which
      
      The relative pronouns which and that are easily confused, and there is no definitive correct usage; furthermore, these words are often used differently in speech. However, the two words are generally not used in an exactly identical fashion in writing. Which often refers to the idea presented by the entire previous clause, and the word is commonly used to introduce non-restrictive clauses (see below).
      
      A claim was made that the pendant belongs to a “female hoard”, which is one of the claims examined in this thesis.
      
      The phrase “which is one of the claims examined in this thesis” is called a non-restrictive or non-defining clause, because this clause does not add crucial information to the main clause. This type of clause is (usually) set off by a comma.
  - who
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
    
    Within and Without: Masculinity in The Great Gatsby, ch. 2
    - Using who
      
      Use the pronoun who to refer to a human subject, and when citing other authors.
      
      The user, who is left with a difficult decision, must list all the variables.
      
      This concept is explained in more detail by Greenbaum & Quirk, who distinguish coordination from subordination (1990:262).
  - whom
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
    - Using whom
      
      The relative pronoun “who” is used, instead of “that” or “which”, when the pronoun refers to a human. However, if the pronoun is the object, then the form whom (the object form of “who”) is also grammatically correct. Using whom is considered formal and in most texts “who” is to be preferred. However, after a preposition, whom should always be used. In the two following examples “for” and “by” are prepositions.
      
      Teachers for whom these textbooks were written were critical of the content.
      
      A lengthy discussion of what would be considered ungrammatical, and by whom, is beyond the scope of this thesis.
      
      [In spoken and less formal English, whom is rarely used; instead, sentences are constructed slightly differently.
      
      Teachers who these textbooks were written for were critical of the content.
      
      A lengthy discussion of who would consider these constructions ungrammatical is beyond the scope of this thesis.]
  - whose
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
    - Using whose
      
      A form of the relative pronoun “who” is used, instead of “that” or “which”, when the pronoun refers to a human. When the clause introduces something owned by a human, the possessive pronoun whose is used.
      
      People whose car does not meet the standard could decide to use other means of transportation.