This entry includes Keywords, Table of Contents, References cited, and a list of the tables found in the Appendix for Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones.
Keywords
Keywords: Air pollution, PM10, difference–in–differences, environmental policy, local traffic pollution policies
Contents
| 1. Introduction | 1 |
| 2. Background | 3 |
| 2.1 Air pollution by particulate matter | 3 |
| 2.2 EU legislation on air quality and implications for Germany | 4 |
| 2.3 Low emission zones as a policy tool to cut back air pollution | 6 |
| 2.4 Previous experiences with low emission zones | 7 |
| 3. Theoretical Analysis | 9 |
| 4. Data and sample selection | 10 |
| 5. Graphical Analysis | 13 |
| 6. Empirical Strategy | 21 |
| 7. Results | 23 |
| 7.1 Average treatment effects | 23 |
| 7.2 Heterogeneous treatment effects | 25 |
| 7.3 Spillover effects | 29 |
| 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis | 31 |
| 7. Discussion | 35 |
| 8. Conclusion | 37 |
| 9. References | 39 |
| 10. Appendix | 42 |
References
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Appendix
A) Percentiles for the distributon of the outcome variables
Table A1: Distribution of the yearly average concentrations in μg/m3
Table A2: Distribution of the number of days with average concentration >50 μg/m3 per year
B) Distribution of treated and control observations when testing for heterogeneous effects
Table A3: Introducing heterogeneity with respect to city size
Table A4: Introducing heterogeneity with respect to initial pollution levels
C) Additional Results
Table A4: Excluding stations in cities with more than 1 million inhabitants
