Writing conventions | Annotation hierarchies

Writing conventions
- Abbreviations
  - Abbreviations
    
    Abbreviations are shortened versions of words. They may be so common that they need no explanation (like km and etc.); they may be common within certain fields (like μg for ‘microgram’ or viz. for ‘videlicet’) and whether such abbreviations need to be explained or not depends on the audience for the text. Abbreviations may also be specific to the text at hand, in which case they always need to be explained, preferably the first time they are used. Note that in the following examples, the boldface is used only to highlight the abbreviation; abbreviations are not normally highlighted in text.
    
    The recent results (e.g., Gerhardt et al. 2013) are encouraging.
    
    When reporting common measurements, the full stop is often omitted, except of course if the abbreviation is the last word in a sentence.
    
    We used 250ml of water per trial. This drive has 100Gb of storage. The distance travelled was 153km.
    
    Acronyms are a special type abbreviation in which the first letter from each word is used. Often acronyms do not need to have full stops after each letter, although they can (such as the U.K. and the U.S.).
    
    In 2012, the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) started a national project called Myggjakten in order to collect mosquito DNA.
  - Acronyms
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3
    
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, Abstract
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, Abstract
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 8-9
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Abstract
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 5
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, Abstract
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 3
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6
    - Acronyms
      
      Acronyms are a type of abbreviation in which the first letters from a phrase or name are taken to stand for the whole phrase or name. Often, an acronym is given in capital letters. Frequently used technical acronyms should be defined the first time they are used.
      
      In 2012, the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) started a national project called Myggjakten in order to collect mosquito DNA.
      
      A small segment of a gene, approximately 400-1000 base pairs (bp), is examined by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced.
      
      Note that in these examples, the boldface is used only to highlight the acronym in the example; acronyms do not need to be highlighted in real texts. Sometimes full stops are used after each letter (such as the U.K. and the U.S.), but using stops is often optional.
  - Common text abbreviations (e.g., i.e., et al., etc.)
    - Common Latin abbreviations
      
      Several Latin-derived abbreviations are commonly used in both everyday and academic English (like e.g., i.e., et al., etc.). These abbreviations do not need to be explained.
      
      Usually, these abbreviations take a full stop, “.“, after the last letter in each abbreviated word, although some publications dispense with the periods (like eg, ie, et al, etc). Some journals put all Latin abbreviations in italics, either with or without the periods (et al., e.g., i.e., etc.). Whichever style is used, it is important that the style be used consistently throughout the text.
    - and/or
      
      Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 3
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
      - and/or
        
        The word and/or can be used to simplify writing. For example,
        
        There are many ways to detect convective events if they produce heavy rainfall and/or lightning.
        
        means that the events can be detected if they produce either heavy rainfall or lightning, or both heavy rainfall and lightning. Note that no blank space occurs between the words and the slash.
    - anon.
      - anon.
        
        The abbreviation anon. stands for “anonymous.” This abbreviation is typically used in a list of references to refer to a work by an anonymous author.
    - c. / ca.
      
      Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
      - c. / ca.
        
        The abbreviation c. or ca. stands for the Latin word “circa,” which means approximately. With a numeral, the symbol ~ may be used.
    - cf.
      - Cf.
        
        The abbreviation cf. stands for the word “confer” and means “compare to.” It is sometimes italicized: cf.
    - def.
      - def.
        
        The abbreviation def. means “definition.”
    - e.g. and i.e.
      
      Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 2
      - Using e.g. and i.e.
        
        The two abbreviations e.g. and i.e. are easily confused with each other. The abbreviation e.g. stands for the Latin exempli gratia, which means “for example”. Use e.g. when giving a non-comprehensive list or example.
        
        Many colors can be created by combining primary colors (e.g., orange is a combination of red and yellow).
        
        The abbreviation i.e. stands for the Latin id est, which means “that is” or “in other words”. Use i.e. when rephrasing or giving clarifying information.
        
        It is generally supposed that there is no overlap between P and NP-Complete problems (i.e., that NP-Complete problems cannot be solved in polynomial time).
    - ed. / ed.s
      - ed./eds.
        
        The abbreviation ed. can either mean “editor” or “edition.” The plural forms of the word, “editors” and “editions” are abbreviated eds.
    - et al.
      
      EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
      
      Parallel implementations of SAMR
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6
      - Using et al.
        
        When citing a reference with more than two (or three) authors, it is common to give only the last name of the first author followed by et al., which is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase et alii, meaning “and others”. Note that a period comes after the letters “al”, because this word is an abbreviated form, but not after “et”, because this word is not an abbreviation.
        
        Efforts towards a sustainable strategy have been initiated by the Swedish government (Gerhardt et al., 2013).
    - etc.
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
      - Using etc.
        
        The abbreviation etc. stands for the Latin et cetera, which means “and other things”. The abbreviation is used to indicate that a given list is not comprehensive. The word is usually followed by a full stop, but note that if etc. ends a sentence, only one full stop is used.
        
        We included several characteristics about the measuring sites (whether they were urban, rural, etc.) in our data.
        
        Monitored pollution types included particulate matter, gases, etc. We also collected information from the factories themselves.
    - ibid.
      - ibid.
        
        The abbreviation ibid is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibidem, which means “in the same place”. Ibid. is used in a reference list when several works by the same author are listed consecutively.
    - illus.
      - illus.
        
        The abbreviation illus. means either “illustration” or “illustrated by.”
    - ms. / mss.
      - ms./mss.
        
        Ms. is an abbreviation for manuscript. Mss. means manuscripts.
    - n/a
      - n/a
        
        The abbreviation n/a means “not applicable.” It is used to indicate when there is no relevant information available.
    - NB
      - NB
        
        The abbreviation NB stands for the Latin word “nota bene,” which means “take note” or “notice.” It is used to indicate that readers should take special notice of something.
    - nd
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
      - nd
        
        The abbreviation nd may appear as n.d., ND, or N.D. In a table reporting results, nd usually stands for “not determined”. When used in a citation, nd usually means “no date”, for example with an internet source. (The full reference should report the date that the information was accessed.)
        
        Convective initiation is the first stage in any kind of convective event (Groenemeijer et al., n.d.).
    - no.
      
      Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3
      - no.
        
        The abbreviations no. (sometimes seen as N°) means “number” (from Latin numero). This abbreviation can only be used in front of a numeral; it cannot stand on its own as a noun within a text.
    - p. / pp.
      - p./pg. / pp./pgs.
        
        The abbreviations p. and pg. mean “page.”; pp. and pgs. mean “pages.”
    - pseud.
      - pseud.
        
        The abbreviation pseud. stands for “pseudonym.” A pseudonym is a fictitious name assumed to hide one’s true identity.
    - pub.
      - pub.
        
        The abbreviation pub. can either mean “published by” or “publisher.”
    - qtd
      - qtd. in
        
        The abbreviation qtd. in, when used in a citation, stands for “quoted in”, and is used when quoting from a secondary source. As with many abbreviations, the full stop at the end of qtd is optional.
        
        Simone de Beauvoir’s famous words “one is not born a woman; one becomes one” (qtd in Moi, Sexual/Texual… 92) formed the starting point for second-wave feminism.
    - trans.
      - trans.
        
        The abbreviation trans. stands for “translation.”
    - UP
      - UP
        
        The abbreviation UP stands for “university press.” A university press is a publishing house tied to a university.
    - viz.
      - viz.
        
        Viz. is an abbreviation of the Latin word videlicet, which means “namely.”
    - vol. / vols.
      - vol.
        
        The abbreviation vol. means “volume” and commonly refers to one book in a series of related books. The plural form of the word, “volumes,” is abbreviated vols.
    - vs.
      
      Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 2
      - vs.
        
        The abbreviation vs. comes from the Latin word versus, which means “against.”
  - Measurements
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    - Measurements
      
      Measurements are sometimes common enough that their abbreviated forms do not need to be explained. When reporting common measurements in abbreviated form, the full stop is often (but not always) omitted, except of course if the abbreviation is the last word in a sentence.
      
      We used 250ml per trial. This drive has 100Gb of storage. The distance travelled was 153km.
      
      The thermal protocol was a single cycle at 96°C for 1 min, 25 cycles at 96°C for 10 s, 50°C for 5 s and 60°C for 4 min.
      
      In science and engineering, it is often a good idea to spell out less common measurements the first time that the term is used, or to list all such measurements in a glossary near the beginning of the text.
      
      An approximately 710-base pair (bp) fragment of the COI gene was amplified.
- Numbers
  - Numbers
    
    How numbers are treated in a text can be quite different in different fields of study, but there are some general rules about the use of numbers and numerals within the flow of text.
    
    Small numbers (less than 20) are usually spelled out, while large numbers are given as numerals.
    
    On two previous occasions he had been named for missions abroad.
    
    The archaeological material presented in this paper consists of 59 runic artefacts.
    
    Numerals are used when the exact value of the number is important, even if that value is small.
    
    Samples were kept in 1 ml tubes on ice for 2 min and remaining tissue debris was removed by centrifugation at 13,200 x g for 3 min.
    
    A (small) number should be spelled out if it is the first word in a sentence, especially if the value is less than 20, but other numbers may be given as numerals in the same sentence. In general, it is best to avoid starting a sentence with a numeral.
    
    In total, 28 names appear in the material. Thirteen can be categorized as male names and 12 are probably female names. Two transliterated names could belong to either gender.
    
    Note that the word “one” is often used as a pronoun, and in this usage, it must be spelled out and cannot be replaced by a numeral.
  - Number range
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, Abstract
    
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
    
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 2
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
    - Range of numbers
      
      A range of numbers is usually reported in numerals with an en-dash “–” (not a hyphen, “-“) between the numerals.
      
      Early results have estimated the recidivism rate to be 16–40%.
      
      Conkey, Margaret W. & Gero, Joan M. (1997). Programme to Practice: Gender and Feminism in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology. 1997 (26), p. 411–437
  - Numeral punctuation
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6
    - Numeral punctuation
      
      Within the flow of text, punctuation marks are used to separate large numerals (in the thousands or higher), and for fractions (use 0 in front of a fraction less than 1, e.g., 0.25). Which punctuations symbols to use depends on whether you are using British or American English, and different fields of study may have different standards. Usually there is no space between a percentage sign and a numeral.
      
      The population of Uppsala is around 200,000 people, which is about 2.22% of Sweden’s population. [American]
      
      The population of Uppsala is around 200.000 people, which is about 2,22% of Sweden’s population. [British]
  - Numerals
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, Abstract
    
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
    
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3
    
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Filtering Algorithms for Discrete Cumulative Resources, ch. 2-3
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 1
    
    Laundry Machine Booking System, ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Abstract
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 3
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 4
    
    Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Ch. 5
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 2
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
    - Numerals in the flow of text
      
      Small numbers (less than 20) are usually spelled out, while large numbers are given as a numeral. A small number should be spelled out if it is the first word in a sentence, especially if the value is less than 20, but other numbers may be given as numerals in the same sentence. In general, it is best to avoid starting a sentence with a numeral.
      
      In total, 28 names appear in the material. Thirteen can be categorized as male names and 12 are probably female names. Two transliterated names could belong to either gender.
      
      Note that the word “one” is often used as a pronoun, and in this usage, it must be spelled out and cannot be replaced by a numeral.
  - Percentages
    - Percentages
      
      A percentage of something is often a singular entity, and can take a verb in singular form. If the individual items that make up that percentage are referred to, then the percentage should take a plural verb.
      
      Another 13% of the sample is composed of both male and female names, while 27% of the inscriptions are unintelligible.
  - Years
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 4
    
    Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, Abstract
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
    - Years as numerals
      
      It is common to use numerals to refer to years, decades, and centuries. Decades and centuries are sometimes spelled out (for instance, “in the nineteenth century”), although numerals are also common (“in the 19th century”).
      
      The earliest finds with runic inscriptions are dated to the 2nd century AD.
      
      Philologists specialized in runes use a slightly broader spectrum for the Viking Age period, defining it as the era between 800–1100 AD.
      
      The letter ‘s’ that comes after a year range indicates the plural of the years, not the possessive, and therefore no punctuation should be used between the numerals and the ‘s’.
      
      Computers in the 1970s and early 1980s used cassette tapes for storage.
- Styles of documentation
  - Chicago (Oxford)
    - Chicago
      
      In the Chicago documentation style (also sometimes called the Oxford system), a number indicating a footnote is used in the text. The source text is either reported in its entirety in the footnote, or in endnotes. The footnote numbering system may start over at the beginning of each chapter.
      
      Here is an example of a citation in the running text:
      
      “This is the only translation that exists, but it is censored, as some of its content, especially regarding the Swedish royal family, was deemed inappropriate.8“
      
      Here is the corresponding footnote, at the bottom of the page:
      
      8 Gunnar Wetterberg, “Handelsavtalet med England före sin tid”, Svenska Dagbladet (4/28/2004)
      
      The work then also appears in the Bibliography, like this:
      
      Wetterberg, Gunnar, “Handelsavtalet med England före sin tid”, Svenska Dagbladet (4/28/2004).
    - Bibliography entry
      - Chicago bibliography entry
        
        The Chicago or Oxford style may include a comprehensive bibliography at the end of the work or chapter. These entries will look something like the following.
        
        Book:
        
        Smith, Arnold. Living together or apart: An Investigation of the Housing Preferences among College Students. New York: Harper & Lea Publishers, 2006.
        
        Journal:
        
        Smith, Arnold, “Living together or apart: An Investigation of the Housing Preferences among College Students,” Journal of Architecture 53 (1998): 78-103.
    - In-text citation
      - Chicago reference
        
        The Chicago style (or Oxford style) uses footnotes in the text, and the source is reported in the footnote.
        
        The footnote used in the text will look like this:
        
        “Arnold Smith has studied this phenomenom at length.1“
        
        The footnote at the bottom of the page will look like this:
        
        1 Arnold Smith, Living together or apart: An Investigation of the Housing Preferences among College Students (New York: Harper & Lea Publishers, 1998), 82–83.
        
        For subsequent mentions of the paper, on the same page or on other pages, the citation is shortened:
        
        2 Smith, Living together or apart, 88.
  - Harvard
    Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
    
    EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 8-9
    
    Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, extra text
    
    Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, extra text
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6
    
    The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, extra text
    - Harvard
      
      In the Harvard system, the author and year of the cited work is given in the text. How exactly this system looks, as far as punctuation, use of boldface or italics, and so on, may be slightly different in different fields.
      
      In general, a Harvard citation in the text will look something like this:
      
      Graves with an absence of weapons have on occasion been interpreted as female graves (Hjørungdal 1994, p. 144).
      
      Hjørungdal (1994, p. 144) notes that graves with an absence of weapons have on occasion been interpreted as female graves.
      
      The corresponding Harvard bibliography entry will look something like this:
      
      Hjørungdal, T., 1994. Poles apart: have there been any male and female graves? Current Swedish Archaeology. 2, 1994, p. 141-149.
    - Bibliography/Reference list entry
      
      Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, extra text
      
      EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
      
      Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, extra text
      
      Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, extra text
      
      Local Man Loses Pants, Life. Extra text
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, extra text
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, extra text
      - Harvard bibliography entry
        
        The Harvard bibliography lists the works cited in alphabetical order according to the last name of the first author of the cited work. The use of punctuation, boldface, italics, and so forth may vary, but these conventions must be used consistently (for example, if the sign & is used instead of the word “and” in a list of authors, then the & sign should be used each time). Multi-authored works that report the first author in the text citations (for example, see Adl et al. 2007 below) must include each author in the corresponding Harvard bibliography entry.
        
        Here are some examples of Harvard bibliography entries, to show the variety that can occur. Note that these bibliography entries are from different papers.
        
        Paper A:
        
        Hjørungdal, T. (1994). Poles apart: have there been any male and female graves?. Current Swedish Archaeology. 2, 1994, p. 141–149
        
        Paper B:
        
        DAVIS, L. W. 2008. The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Air Quality in Mexico City. Journal of Political Economy, 116, 38–81
        
        WOLFF, H. & PERRY, L. 2010. Trends in Clean Air Legislation in Europe: Particulate Matter and Low Emission Zones. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4, 293–308
        
        Paper C:
        
        Black, J. S. & Gregersen, H. B. 1991a. “Rim Assignments Antecedents to Cross-Cultural Adjustment for Expatriates in Pacific Rim Assignments”, Human Relations, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 497–515.
        
        Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. 1991b. “The other half of the picture: antecedents of spouse cross-cultural adjustment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, Third Quarter, pp. 461–477.
    - In-text citation
      
      Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 1
      
      Anonymous Artefacts and Revealing Runes, ch. 3
      
      EROD activity and mRNA expression of CYP1A and vitellogenin in rainbow trout
      
      Game Save Incorporation in Game Design, ch. 5
      
      Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 2
      
      Identifying the Effects of Low Emission Zones, ch. 7
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 2
      
      Predicting Aviation Hazards During Convective Events, ch. 4
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 2
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 3
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 4
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 5
      
      The Distribution of Human Capital in Sweden, ch. 6
      - Harvard reference
        
        A citation in the text using the Harvard system includes the author or authors of the work cited and the year that the work was published. Punctuation used within the citation can vary, but in general, a Harvard citation looks like this:
        
        Molecular-based methods are generally used for species identification of viruses, bacteria and protozoa (Adl et al., 2007; Edwards and Rohwer, 2005; Pace, 1997).
        
        If the work cited is not written by a particular author but rather a group, consortium, governmental agency and so on, the agency is cited.
        
        The National Veterinary Institute (SVA) started a national project, “Myggjakten” (SVA 2013), to collect as many mosquito species as possible.
        
        If the specific authors are referred to, for instance at the beginning of a sentence, then the year of the work is given in parentheses.
        
        Grove and Torbiörn (1985) also state that fact-oriented training on its own is not enough to prepare an expatriate.
  - MLA (Modern Language Association)
    - MLA (Modern Language Association)
      
      The MLA style uses author-page references in the text and then provides more extensive information about the references in the bibliography at the end of the text. The bibliography is headed “Works Cited” if all references are works cited in the text itself, or “Works Consulted” if the reference list also includes works that have been used as background material but which are not cited in the text.
      
      Here is an example of what an MLA citation looks like in the text:
      
      In order to succeed as a politician, Roosevelt changed his image and became known as the “Cowboy from the Dakotas” (Bederman 170-71).
      
      The corresponding entry in the bibliography looks like this:
      
      Bederman, Gail. Manliness & Civilization: A Cutural History of Gender and Race in the United States 1880-1917. Chicago: The U. of Chicago P., 1995.
    - Bibliography entry
      - MLA bibliography entry
        
        MLA bibliography entries look like this.
        
        Journal:
        
        Sievens, Mary Beth. “Female Consumerism and Household Authority in Early National New England” in Early American Studies (Fall 2006), 353-71.
        
        Book:
        
        McGill, Meredith. American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853. Philadelphia: U. of Pennsylvania P., 2003.
    - In-text citation
      
      Within and Without: Masculinity in The Great Gatsby, ch. 3
      - MLA reference
        
        Here is some information about what an in-text reference using the MLA style looks like.
        
        Reference when there is just one work by that author used in the text:
        
        The flight from women and femininity is important for the establishing of a masculine self (Kimmel 115).
        
        or
        
        According to Kimmel, the flight from women and femininity is important for the establishing of a masculine self (115).
        
        If more than one work by the same author is used, the reference looks like this:
        
        The flight from women and femininity is important for the establishing of a masculine self (Kimmel, “Born to Run” 115).
        
        or
        
        According to Kimmel, the flight from women and femininity is important for the establishing of a masculine self (“Born to Run” 115).
  - Numbered (Vancouver)
    Filtering Algorithms for Discrete Cumulative Resources, Abstract
    - Numbered (Vancouver) citation style
      
      The Numbered, or Vancouver, style of referencing is commonly used in sciences and engineering. Numbered bibliographies are created according to one of two styles (see below), and the works are then cited in the text according to these numbers. The numbers are usually enclosed in parentheses or square brackets.
      
      Style 1: Works are listed in the bibliograpy alphabetically according to the order of the first author’s last name, and are numbered consecutively; those numbers are then used persistantly for in-text citations. (The numbers will not be consecutive in the running text.)
      
      Style 2: Works are listed in the bibliography according to the order in which they are cited in the text; those numbers are then used persistantly for in-text citations. (The numbers will be consecutive in the running text.)
      
      In-text citations will look something like this:
      
      Edge-finding was first applied to scheduling problems in [2], and since that time several efficient algorithms have been developed for the disjunctive case [10, 41].
      
      The reference list (here made in Style 1) will look something like this:
      
      [1] Abderrahmane Aggoun and Nicolas Beldiceanu. Extending CHIP in order to solve complex scheduling and placement problems. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 17(7):57–73, 1993.
      
      [2] David Applegate and William Cook. A computational study of the job-shop scheduling problem. INFORMS Journal on Computing, 3(2):149–156, 1991.
      
      …
      
      [10] Jacques Carlier and Eric Pinson. Adjustment of heads and tails for the jobshop problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 78(2):146–161, 1994.
      
      …
      
      [41] Petr Vilím, Roman Bartak, and Ondrej Cepek. Unary resource constraint with optional activities. In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, volume 3258 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 62–76. Springer, 2004.
    - In-text citation
      
      Filtering Algorithms for Discrete Cumulative Resources, ch. 2-3
      
      Parallel implementations of SAMR
      - Numbered (Vancouver) in-text citations
        
        In the Numbered (or Vancouver) system, citations in the text are made by using the work’s number in the references cited section. If the author’s name is used, the reference number is also given. If a page number is referenced, it is usually included in the brackets.
        
        Edge-finding was first applied to scheduling problems in [2], and since that time several efficient algorithms have been developed for the disjunctive case [10, 41].
        
        As recently as 2004, Vilím [41] proposed a new algorithm for cumulative edge finding, a entirely novel idea that accelerated developments in the field [36, p.25].
        
        Boldface has been added here for emphasis, although some journals will also put the numbers in boldface or italics.
    - Reference list entry
      - Numbered (Vancouver) reference list entry
        
        Numbered bibliographies are created in one of two ways, and the works are then cited in the text according to these numbers. The numbers are usually enclosed in parentheses or square brackets.
        
        Style 1: Works are listed in the bibliograpy alphabetically according to the order of the first author’s last name, and are numbered consecutively; those numbers are then used persistantly for in-text citations. (The numbers will not be consecutive in the running text.)
        
        Style 2: Works are listed in the bibliography according to the order in which they are cited in the text; those numbers are then used persistantly for in-text citations. (The numbers will be consecutive in the running text.)
        
        [1] Abderrahmane Aggoun and Nicolas Beldiceanu. Extending CHIP in order to solve complex scheduling and placement problems. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 17(7):57–73, 1993.
        
        [2] David Applegate and William Cook. A computational study of the job-shop scheduling problem. INFORMS Journal on Computing, 3(2):149–156, 1991.
        
        …
        
        [10] Jacques Carlier and Eric Pinson. Adjustment of heads and tails for the jobshop problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 78(2):146–161, 1994.
        
        …
        
        [41] Petr Vilím, Roman Bartak, and Ondrej Cepek. Unary resource constraint with optional activities. In Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, volume 3258 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 62–76. Springer, 2004.

Paper A:

Paper B:

Paper C: